Introduction

The purpose of this vignette is to demonstrate how to use queuecomputer to understand M/M/k queues. We consider one M/M/1 queue and two M/M/3 queues. The working follows the theoretical results for M/M/k queues as shown in Thomopoulos, N (2012).

library(queuecomputer)

Queueing Functions

P_0_func <- function(rho, k){
  sum_i <- rep(NA, k)
  
  for(i in 0:I(k-1))
  {
    sum_i[i+1] <- rho^i / factorial(i)
  }
  
  p_0 <- 1/(sum(sum_i) + rho^k/(factorial(k - 1) * (k - rho)))
  return(p_0)
}

P_n <- function(rho,n,k){
  
  p_0 <- P_0_func(rho, k)
  if(n <= k){
    output <- rho^n / factorial(n) * p_0
  } else {
    output <- rho^n / (factorial(k) * k^(n-k)) * p_0
  }
  return(output)
}

Lq <- function(rho, k){
  p_0 <- P_0_func(rho, k)
  
  output <- p_0 * rho^{k+1} / ( factorial(k-1) * (k - rho)^2)
  return(output)
}

Setup

set.seed(1)

n_customers <- 1e6

lambda_a <- 1/1
lambda_s <- 1/0.8

interarrivals <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_a)

arrivals <- cumsum(interarrivals)

service <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_s)

rho <- (1/lambda_s) / (1/lambda_a)

MM1 queue

Theoretical

k = 1

p_0 <- P_n(rho, n=0, k)

### System lengths -----------------------
Vectorize(P_n, "n")(rho=rho, n=c(0:30), k = k)

##  [1] 0.2000000000 0.1600000000 0.1280000000 0.1024000000 0.0819200000
##  [6] 0.0655360000 0.0524288000 0.0419430400 0.0335544320 0.0268435456
## [11] 0.0214748365 0.0171798692 0.0137438953 0.0109951163 0.0087960930
## [16] 0.0070368744 0.0056294995 0.0045035996 0.0036028797 0.0028823038
## [21] 0.0023058430 0.0018446744 0.0014757395 0.0011805916 0.0009444733
## [26] 0.0007555786 0.0006044629 0.0004835703 0.0003868563 0.0003094850
## [31] 0.0002475880

### Estimated queue length -----------------
LQ <- Lq(rho, k)
LQ

## [1] 3.2

### Estimated units in system -----------
LQ + rho

## [1] 4

Ws = 1/lambda_s
Wq = LQ / lambda_a
W = Ws + Wq

Wq # Mean waiting time (time in queue)

## [1] 3.2

W # Mean response time (time in system)

## [1] 4

Observed

MM1 <- queue_step(arrivals = arrivals, service = service, servers = k)

MM1_summary <- summary(MM1)

MM1_summary$slength_sum

## # A tibble: 52 × 2
##    queuelength proportion
##          <int>      <dbl>
##  1           0     0.200 
##  2           1     0.160 
##  3           2     0.128 
##  4           3     0.102 
##  5           4     0.0817
##  6           5     0.0655
##  7           6     0.0524
##  8           7     0.0420
##  9           8     0.0337
## 10           9     0.0270
## # ℹ 42 more rows

# Mean queue length
MM1_summary$qlength_mean

## [1] 3.210141

# Mean system length (number of customers in system)
MM1_summary$slength_mean

## [1] 4.009881

MM1_summary$mwt # Mean waiting time

## [1] 3.212666

MM1_summary$mrt # Mean response time

## [1] 4.01304

MM3 queue

Theoretical

k = 3

p_0 <- P_n(rho, 0, k)

### System lengths -----------------------
Vectorize(P_n, "n")(rho=rho, n=c(0:30), k = k)

##  [1] 4.471545e-01 3.577236e-01 1.430894e-01 3.815718e-02 1.017525e-02
##  [6] 2.713400e-03 7.235732e-04 1.929529e-04 5.145410e-05 1.372109e-05
## [11] 3.658958e-06 9.757221e-07 2.601926e-07 6.938468e-08 1.850258e-08
## [16] 4.934022e-09 1.315739e-09 3.508638e-10 9.356368e-11 2.495031e-11
## [21] 6.653417e-12 1.774245e-12 4.731319e-13 1.261685e-13 3.364493e-14
## [26] 8.971982e-15 2.392529e-15 6.380076e-16 1.701354e-16 4.536943e-17
## [31] 1.209851e-17

### Estimated queue length -----------------
LQ <- Lq(rho, k)
LQ

## [1] 0.01892092

### Estimated units in system -----------
LQ + rho

## [1] 0.8189209

Ws = 1/lambda_s
Wq = LQ / lambda_a
W = Ws + Wq

Wq # Mean waiting time (time in queue)

## [1] 0.01892092

W # Mean response time (time in system)

## [1] 0.8189209

Observed

MM3 <- queue_step(arrivals = arrivals, service = service, servers = k)

MM3_summary <- summary(MM3)

MM3_summary$slength_sum

## # A tibble: 13 × 2
##    queuelength  proportion
##          <int>       <dbl>
##  1           0 0.447      
##  2           1 0.358      
##  3           2 0.143      
##  4           3 0.0380     
##  5           4 0.0101     
##  6           5 0.00268    
##  7           6 0.000704   
##  8           7 0.000193   
##  9           8 0.0000399  
## 10           9 0.0000120  
## 11          10 0.00000201 
## 12          11 0.00000276 
## 13          12 0.000000106

# Mean queue length
MM3_summary$qlength_mean

## [1] 0.01865591

# Mean system length (number of customers in system)
MM3_summary$slength_mean

## [1] 0.8184002

MM3_summary$mwt # Mean waiting time

## [1] 0.01867057

MM3_summary$mrt # Mean response time

## [1] 0.8190443

MM3 queue (second)

# Setup ----------


set.seed(2)

n_customers <- 1e6

lambda_a <- 1/1
lambda_s <- 1/2.5

interarrivals <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_a)

arrivals <- cumsum(interarrivals)

service <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_s)

rho <- (1/lambda_s) / (1/lambda_a)

Theoretical

rho <- (1/lambda_s) / (1/lambda_a)

# MM3 queue ------------------------------

k = 3

## Theoretical -------------------

p_0 <- P_n(rho, 0, k)

### System lengths -----------------------
Vectorize(P_n, "n")(rho=rho, n=c(0:30), k = k)

##  [1] 0.0449438202 0.1123595506 0.1404494382 0.1170411985 0.0975343321
##  [6] 0.0812786101 0.0677321751 0.0564434792 0.0470362327 0.0391968606
## [11] 0.0326640505 0.0272200421 0.0226833684 0.0189028070 0.0157523392
## [16] 0.0131269493 0.0109391244 0.0091159370 0.0075966142 0.0063305118
## [21] 0.0052754265 0.0043961888 0.0036634906 0.0030529089 0.0025440907
## [26] 0.0021200756 0.0017667297 0.0014722747 0.0012268956 0.0010224130
## [31] 0.0008520108

### Estimated queue length -----------------
LQ <- Lq(rho, k)
LQ

## [1] 3.511236

### Estimated units in system -----------
LQ + rho

## [1] 6.011236

### Waiting times -----------
Ws = 1/lambda_s
Wq = LQ / lambda_a
W = Ws + Wq

Wq # Mean waiting time (time in queue)

## [1] 3.511236

W # Mean response time (time in system)

## [1] 6.011236

Observed

MM3_2 <- queue_step(arrivals = arrivals, service = service, servers = k)

MM3_2_summary <- summary(MM3_2)

MM3_2_summary$slength_sum

## # A tibble: 53 × 2
##    queuelength proportion
##          <int>      <dbl>
##  1           0     0.0450
##  2           1     0.113 
##  3           2     0.140 
##  4           3     0.118 
##  5           4     0.0980
##  6           5     0.0820
##  7           6     0.0679
##  8           7     0.0568
##  9           8     0.0471
## 10           9     0.0391
## # ℹ 43 more rows

# Mean queue length
MM3_2_summary$qlength_mean

## [1] 3.472223

# Mean system length (number of customers in system)
MM3_2_summary$slength_mean

## [1] 5.971736

MM3_2_summary$mwt # Mean waiting time

## [1] 3.46892

MM3_2_summary$mrt # Mean response time

## [1] 5.966074

Bibliography

Thomopoulos, N (2012). Fundamentals of Queuing Systems: Statistical Methods for Analyzing Queuing Models. Springer Science & Business Media

- Introduction
- Bibliography